electrialstandards

Following circuit is an automatic DC light switch, it run the load in dark. the load can be a lamp or any other device, works by 3 to 12 volts It is possible to use this circuit as anti theft system if we connect a laser and an alarm, so when opens the door, laser ray move from LDR and alarm be turn on. T2 should be changed by any other power NPN transistor if the load consumed more than 100 mA. Parts list: Transistor BC547 (2pcs) LDR Resistor 100k Resistor 1k Note: if you want to use LED as load, so have to use protection resistor 200 ohm for 3v battery or 680 ohm for 12v battery.

LEDs because of the diversity of colors, strong lighting and consume little power used in many areas, can use for write letters and draw shapes. In following video you can see how it can. The LEDs must connect together in parallel, means all positive connect together and all negative connect together so you can run that with 2 to 3.5v (according to led types). you have to using a resistor through positive line to protect your LEDs and increase its life period.(see the note) you can use second method for big LED boards . Parts list: Breadboard (25cm x 12cm) battery Text or shape printed on a paper Solder flux LED(number of LEDs depend on your text or shape ) Resistor (see the note) Note:  Protection resistor used when supply power is more than standard LEDs voltage , its value depends on number of LEDs, LEDs type(color) and voltage of battery or power supply.  You have to using ohm's law for calculation the value of necessary resistor. in first run your LED board by 2 to 3v battery

      High-power microwaves are frequently used in civil applications, such as radar and communication systems, heating and current drive of plasmas in fusion devices, and acceleration in high-energy linear colliders. They can also be used for military purpose in directed-energy weapons or missile guidance systems. In a new study published in EPJ D , scientists from Bangladesh demonstrate that their proposed novel method, which is capable of producing such microwaves, offers a viable alternative to traditional approaches. The solution was developed by Md. Ghulam Saber and colleagues from the Islamic University of Technology in Gazipur, Bangladesh. To generate such high-power microwaves, researchers rely on devices referred to as backward wave oscillators, which are designed to transform the energy of an intense electron beam into electromagnetic radiation at microwave frequencies. The electron beam propagates axially through what is referred to as a slow electro-dynamic

The following circuit is simple circuit for sensing the presence of light Can change sensitivity of circuit by change the value of 8.2k resistor

          To understand why a BLDC motor is so effective, it’s important to have a good understanding of how it works. There are actually two different types, with different benefits and drawbacks. While either one will probably be effective for most jobs, you may wish to familiarize yourself with both types, just in case one would be more appropriate for your project or application than the other. Any BLDC motor has two primary parts; the rotor, the rotating part, and the stator, the stationary part. Other important parts of the motor are the stator windings and the rotor magnets. There are two basic BLDC motor designs: inner rotor and outer rotor design. In an outer rotor design, the windings are located in the core of the motor. The rotor magnets surround the stator windings as shown here. The rotor magnets act as an insulator, thereby reducing the rate of heat dissipation from the motor. Due to the location of the stator windings, outer rotor designs typically operate at lower duty

            John Bardeen, a inventor of the transistor that led to modern electronics and twice a winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics, died yesterday at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston. He was 82 years old.                                    Dr. Bardeen, a professor emeritus at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, was a patient at the hospital when he suffered a heart attack, said Larry Bernard, a university spokesman. A soft-spoken theoretical physicist, Dr. Bardeen was working with two other scientists, Walter Brattain and William P. Shockley, at the American Telephone and Telegraph Company's Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, N.J., when they developed the first semiconductor transistor in 1947. The invention was announced in June 1948, and its first commercial use was in telephone-switching equipment four years later. Revolutionary Inventions. Invention of the transistor earned the three men a Nobel Prize in 1956 and transformed science and industry. The ti

           The Nobel Prize (Swedish pronunciation: [noˈbɛl], Swedish definite form, singular: Nobelpriset; Norwegian: Nobelprisen) is a set of annual international awards bestowed in a number of categories by Swedish and Norwegian committees in recognition of cultural and/or scientific advances. The will of the Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel established the prizes in 1895. The prizes in Physics, Chemistry,Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace were first awarded in 1901. The related Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was established by Sweden's central bank in 1968. The nobel prize was made of the mixture of gold and silver with 24 carat or 4.8.g gold coating. Between 1901 and 2012, the Nobel Prizes and the Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 555 times to 856 people and organizations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 835 individuals (791 men and 44 women) and 21 organizations. The Peace Prize is awarded in Oslo, Norway, whil

The following circuit is Flasher which operates by 220 volts you can add many LED lights in various colors in parallel advantages of this flasher little cost and power consumption is very low To change the speed of the flash must change capacity of the capacitor Parts list: Diac DB3 or any other diac with breakdown voltage of 30 to 40v LED Capacitor 22uF-35v  Resistor 33K Resistor180ohm Diode 1N4007

Everybody has experience of Electric shock someday in their life. Electric shock is nothing but flow of electric current through the body. Human body consists of 60% to 70% of water as water is very good conductor of electricity so our body also become a good conductor of electricity. There are very severe effects of electric shock, There are few effects of electric shock such as Burns , Heart problems, Death and damages to internal organs. There are few steps to be taken whenever a person got electric shock 1.        Separate the person from current source. i.e. either disconnect the supply or by using insulated material such as wood to separate the person from electrical current source as earlier as possible. As more the time you delay more lessen the chances of person survival. Insulated material for separation are may be Wooden block, Newpaper, Book , chair or anything which you know is insulated. Please remember whenever you see person is connected to current source never ever

            Li-Fi, as coined by Prof. Harald Haas during his TED Global talk is bidirectional, high speed and fully networked wireless communications, like Wi-Fi, using light. Li-Fi is a subset of optical wireless communications (OWC) and can be a complement to RF communication (Wi-Fi or Cellular network), or a replacement in contexts of data broadcasting. See more about Li-Fi             It is going to complete and ready for implementation with the IEEE Spectrum .

Why Mirror flips the images Horizontally rather than Vertically.?            Left and right are the only directions which are described relative to the observer. Up and down (and north, south etc) are independent of whichever way you're facing. When you look in the mirror, up, down, east and west are still in the same place. But you read printed text from left to right - not east to west - hence the problem with 'mirror writing'. See more about mirror Paradox.         

          A Buchholz relay is a gas and oil operated device installed in the pipework between the top of the transformer main tank and the conservator. A second relay is sometimes used for the tapchanger selector chamber. The function of the relay is to detect an abnormal condition within the tank and send an alarm or trip signal. Under normal conditions the relay is completely full of oil. Operation occurs when floats are displaced by an accumulation of gas, or a flap is moved by a surge of oil. Almost all large oil-filled transformers are equipped w ith a Buchholz relay, first developed by Max Buchholz in 1921.For more info click here . Outer structure of Buchholz Relay Block representation of Buchholz Relay Working of Relay

          Arduino is an open-source computer hardware and software company, project and user community that designs and manufactures kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control the physical world. Arduino boards may be purchased pre assembled, or as do-it-yourself kits; at the same time, the hardware design information is available for those who would like to assemble an Arduino from scratch. Click here for  more Info. Module Schematic Circuit of AT Mega 2560

The Raspberry Pi is a series of credit card-sized single-board computers developed in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation with the intention of promoting the teaching of basic computer science in schools. For more info click here .         Logo Entire module of Raspberry Pi Line follower using Raspberry Pi

A smart grid is a modernized electrical grid that uses analogue or digital information and communications technology to gather and act on information. Layout of Smart grid Electronic power conditioning and control of the production and distribution of electricity are important aspects of the smart grid. Monitor controlling system of Smart grid Such as information about the behaviours of suppliers and consumers, in an automated fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability,economics,and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity.                                         Before and after the implementation of Smart grid

                Power generation using photovoltaic cell technology. The ring generating station for maximum efficiency The most advanced flexible solar panel Wind Energy                                      Off shore windmills for greater efficiency

This is a simple circuit which is your to take the decision on its own . Model Snap                                                             Circuit Diagram Working Video

Wow...! The electrical power is transmitted without any medium. For more details Click here .